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pyridine nucleotide - translation to russian
биохимия
пиридиннуклеотид
![Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids: At lower left, a monophosphate nucleotide; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base-pair. At the upper right, four nucleotides form two base-pairs: thymine and adenine (connected by ''double'' hydrogen bonds) and guanine and cytosine (connected by ''triple'' hydrogen bonds). The individual nucleotide monomers are chain-joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules, forming two 'backbones' (a [[double helix]]) of nucleic acid, shown at upper left.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/0322 DNA Nucleotides.jpg?width=200 "Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids: At lower left, a monophosphate nucleotide; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base-pair. At the upper right, four nucleotides form two base-pairs: thymine and adenine (connected by ''double'' hydrogen bonds) and guanine and cytosine (connected by ''triple'' hydrogen bonds). The individual nucleotide monomers are chain-joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules, forming two 'backbones' (a [[double helix]]) of nucleic acid, shown at upper left.")
![This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar [[deoxyribose]] (at center), a [[nucleobase]] called [[adenine]] (upper right), and one [[phosphate]] group (left). The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a <u title="Nucleotide">[[Deoxyribonucleoside]]</u> called [[deoxyadenosine]], whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a <u title="Deoxyadenosine monophosphate" href="deoxyadenosine monophosphate">nucleotide</u>, a constituent of DNA with the name [[deoxyadenosine monophosphate]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/DAMP chemical structure.svg?width=200 "This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar [[deoxyribose]] (at center), a [[nucleobase]] called [[adenine]] (upper right), and one [[phosphate]] group (left). The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a <u title=\"Nucleotide\">[[Deoxyribonucleoside]]</u> called [[deoxyadenosine]], whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a <u title=\"Deoxyadenosine monophosphate\" href=\"deoxyadenosine monophosphate\">nucleotide</u>, a constituent of DNA with the name [[deoxyadenosine monophosphate]].")
![pyrimidines]]—are sketched at right (in blue).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nucleotides 1.svg?width=200 "pyrimidines]]—are sketched at right (in blue).")
![UMP]]'''.</div>The color scheme is as follows: <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">enzymes</span>, <span style="color: rgb(219,155,36);">coenzymes</span>, <span style="color: rgb(151,149,45);">substrate names</span>, <span style="color: rgb(128,0,0);">inorganic molecules</span> </span>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nucleotides syn2.png?width=200 "UMP]]'''.</div>The color scheme is as follows: <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"color: blue;\">enzymes</span>, <span style=\"color: rgb(219,155,36);\">coenzymes</span>, <span style=\"color: rgb(151,149,45);\">substrate names</span>, <span style=\"color: rgb(128,0,0);\">inorganic molecules</span> </span>")
биохимия
нуклеотиды
Definition
Wikipedia
In genetics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome and is present in a sufficiently large fraction of the population (1% or more). Single nucleotide substitutions with an allele frequency of less than 1% are called "single-nucleotide variants", not SNPs.
For example, at a specific base position in the human genome, the G nucleotide may appear in most individuals, but in a minority of individuals, the position is occupied by an A. This means that there is a SNP at this specific position, and the two possible nucleotide variations – G or A – are said to be the alleles for this specific position.
SNPs pinpoint differences in our susceptibility to a wide range of diseases, for example age-related macular degeneration (a common SNP in the CFH gene is associated with increased risk of the disease) or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (a SNP in the PNPLA3 gene is associated with increased risk of the disease). The severity of illness and the way the body responds to treatments are also manifestations of genetic variations caused by SNPs. For example, the APOE E4 allele that is determined by two common SNPs, rs429358 and rs7412, in the APOE gene is not only associated with increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease but also younger age at onset of the disease.
A single-nucleotide variant (SNV) is a general term for single nucleotide change in DNA sequence. So a SNV can be a common SNP or a rare mutation, and can be germline or somatic and can be caused by cancer, but a SNP has to segregate in a species' population of organisms. SNVs also commonly arise in molecular diagnostics such as designing PCR primers to detect viruses, in which the viral RNA or DNA sample may contain SNVs.
